The history and genealogy of my family on my father's side is difficult to write. Not because it is complicated or shrouded in mystery or intrigue, but because there is no written history of it; no documents, no diaries, no letters. What little exists has been passed down verbally from my Dad's gr...

In times of conflict their needs to be someone who steps up and takes control of the situation, and leads those who need guidance in a positive direction. During a time of war this task becomes increasingly difficult due to the taxing, and important decisions that he, or she must make for the good o...

St. Augustine, (d.430) a first century theologian and philosopher, articulated the 'Just War Theory' initially to justify a Christian war, one perceived to defend and maintain peace and order. Opponents, typically pacifists, believe there is never a just means for war under any circumsta...

IT BEGINS... The economic and technological changes that accompanied the Industrial Revolution fundamentally altered the nature of "modern" warfare. Unprecedented advances in machinery and mass production made the development and production of new weapons an inevitable component of the pr...

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE AFTER WORLD WAR II Even while World War II war still being fought, leaders of the Allied powers began thinking about how to reconstruct Europe after the war. Winston Churchill of Britain, Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union a...

"The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak" A compelling struggle to survive laden with disheartening starvation, loss of hope, and willing acceptance that this ghetto would consume its inhabitants is captured in the daily journal of a polish teenager caught in the relentless and unforgiving ghetto...

During the Cold War, the United States of America was determined to act as the superior nation in the world. They believed that every country was inferior to them in regards to military power, economic stability and moral beliefs. After the assassination of former President John F. Kennedy, the Vice...

Preface: How has the ninth edition been updated? In this updated edition, certain chapters have in added in light of the attacks of September 11, 2001. There was a chapter added on the foreign policies of Clinton and Yelstin-Putin also, an introduction to the beginnings of George W. Bush's...

BENITO MUSSOLINI, (1883-1945), Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943. He centralized all power in himself as the leader (il duce) of the Fascist party and attempted to create an Italian empire, ultimately in alliance with HITLER's Germany. The defeat of Italian arms in WORLD WAR II brought an ...

America is in the midst of a culture war, and one of the latestskirmishes occurred between the houses and hedgerows surrounding theSmithsonian Museum. On one side were the members of a growing numbers ofacedemians and cultural theorists who believe that American should not behonored as a coun...